Sun Zi’s Art of War was written by Sun Wu in the final year of the Spring and Autumn
Period (770BC – 476BC).
It is not only the oldest Chinese military work in existence but also the oldest book
of military theory in the world, well-known for a long time in the history of the
military academy in China and abroad.
Sun Zi’s Art of War has altogether 13 chapters. Both concise and comprehensive,
this book sum up the experience of ancient wars, bring to light the many laws of
war which are of universal significance.
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jì piān dì yī
计 篇 第 一
sūnzi yuē : bīnɡ zhě , ɡuó zhī dà shì 。
孙子 曰 : 兵 者 , 国 之 大 事。
sǐ shēnɡ zhī dì ,cún wánɡ zhī dào , bù kě bù chá yě 。
死 生 之 地 , 存 亡 之 道 , 不 可 不 察 也 。
ɡù jīnɡ zhī yǐ wǔ shì , xiào zhī yǐ jì , ér suǒ qí qínɡ :
故 经 之 以 五 事 , 校 之 以 计 ,而 索 其 情 :
yì yuē dào , èr yuē tiān , sān yuē dì , sì yuē jiànɡ, wǔ yuē fǎ 。
一 曰 道 , 二 曰 天 , 三 曰 地 , 四 曰 将 , 五 曰 法。
dào zhě , lìnɡ mín yǔ shànɡ tónɡ yì yě , ɡù ké yǐ yǔ zhī sǐ ,
道 者 , 令 民 与 上 同 意 也 , 故 可 以 与 之 死 ,
ké yǐ yǔ zhī shēnɡ , ér bú wèi wēi 。 tiān zhě , yīn yánɡ 、
可 以 与 之 生 , 而 不 畏 危 。 天 者 , 阴 阳 、
hán shǔ 、shí zhì yě ; dì zhě , yuǎn jìn 、 xiǎn yì 、ɡuǎnɡ xiá 、
寒 暑 、 时 制 也 ; 地 者 , 远 近 、 险 易、 广 狭 、
sǐ shēnɡ yě ; jiānɡ zhě , zhì 、 xìn 、 rén 、 yǒnɡ 、 yán yě ;
死 生 也 ; 将 者 , 智 、 信 、 仁 、 勇 、 严 也;
fǎ zhě ,qǔ zhì 、ɡuān dào 、zhǔ yònɡ yě 。fán cǐ wǔ zhě ,jiànɡ
法 者 , 曲 制 、 官 道、 主 用 也。 凡 此 五 者, 将
mò bù wén , zhī zhī zhě shènɡ , bù zhī zhě bú shènɡ 。
莫 不 闻 , 知 之 者 胜 , 不 知 者 不 胜 。
ɡù xiào zhī yǐ jì , ér suǒ qí qínɡ 。 yuē : zhǔ shú yǒu dào ?
故 校 之 以 计 , 而 索 其 情 。 曰 : 主 孰 有 道 ?
jiànɡ shú yǒu nénɡ ? tiān dì shú dé ? fǎ lìnɡ shú xínɡ ?
将 孰 有 能 ? 天 地 孰 得 ? 法 令 孰 行 ?
bīnɡ zhònɡ shú qiánɡ ? shì zú shú liàn ? shǎnɡ fá shú mínɡ ?
兵 众 孰 强 ? 士 卒 孰 练 ? 赏 罚 孰 明 ?
wú yǐ cǐ zhī shènɡ fù yǐ 。
吾 以 此 知 胜 负 矣 。
jiànɡ tīnɡ wú jì , yònɡ zhī bì shènɡ , liú zhī ; jiànɡ bù tīnɡ
将 听 吾 计 , 用 之 必 胜 , 留 之 ; 将 不 听
wú jì , yònɡ zhī bì bài , qù zhī 。
吾 计 , 用 之 必 败 , 去 之 。
jì lì yǐ tīnɡ , nǎi wéi zhī shì , yǐ zuǒ qí wài 。
计利 以 听 , 乃 为 之 势 , 以 佐 其 外 。
shì zhě ,yīn lì ér zhì quán yě 。
势 者 , 因 利 而 制 权 也 。
bīnɡ zhě , ɡuǐ dào yě 。 ɡù nénɡ ér shì zhī bù nénɡ , yònɡ ér
兵 者 , 诡 道 也 。 故 能 而 示 之 不 能 , 用 而
shì zhī bú yònɡ , jìn ér shì zhī yuǎn , yuǎn ér shì zhī jìn 。
示 之 不 用 , 近 而 示 之 远 , 远 而 示 之 近 。
lì ér yòu zhī,luàn ér qǔ zhī ,shí ér bèi zhī ,qiánɡ ér bì zhī ,
利 而 诱 之, 乱 而 取 之 ,实 而 备 之 , 强 而 避 之 ,
nù ér náo zhī ,bēi ér jiāo zhī ,yì ér láo zhī ,qīn ér lí zhī 。
怒 而 挠 之 ,卑 而 骄 之 ,佚 而 劳 之 , 亲 而 离 之。
ɡōnɡ qí wú bèi , chū qí bú yì 。
攻 其 无 备 , 出 其 不 意 。
cǐ bīnɡ jiā zhī shènɡ ,bù kě xiān chuán yě 。
此 兵 家 之 胜 , 不 可 先 传 也 。
fū wèi zhàn ér miào suàn shènɡ zhě , dé suàn duō yě ;
夫 未 战 而 庙 算 胜 者 , 得 算 多 也 ;
wèi zhàn ér miào suàn bú shènɡ zhě ,dé suàn shǎo yě 。
未 战 而 庙 算 不 胜 者 , 得 算 少 也 。
duō suàn shènɡ ,shǎo suàn bú shènɡ , ér kuànɡ yú wú suàn hū !
多 算 胜 , 少 算 不 胜 , 而 况 于 无 算 乎!
wú yǐ cǐ ɡuān zhī ,shènɡ fù xiàn yǐ 。
吾 以 此 观 之 , 胜 负 见 矣 。
Translation:(Translated from the Chinese By LIONEL GILES, M.A. (1910))
I. LAYING PLANS
1. Sun Tzu said: The art of war is of vital importance to the State.
2. It is a matter of life and death, a road either to safety or to ruin.
Hence it is a subject of inquiry which can on no account be neglected.
3. The art of war, then, is governed by five constant factors, to be taken
into account in one’s deliberations, when seeking to determine the
conditions obtaining in the field.
4. These are: (1) The Moral Law; (2) Heaven; (3) Earth; (4) The Commander;
(5) Method and discipline.
5,6. The Moral Law causes the people to be in
complete accord with their ruler, so that they will follow him regardless
of their lives, undismayed by any danger.
7. Heaven signifies night and day, cold and heat, times and seasons.
8. Earth comprises distances, great and small; danger and security; open
ground and narrow passes; the chances of life and death.
9. The Commander stands for the virtues of wisdom, sincerely, benevolence,
courage and strictness.
10. By method and discipline are to be understood
the marshaling of the army in its proper subdivisions, the graduations
of rank among the officers, the maintenance of roads by which supplies
may reach the army, and the control of military expenditure.
11. These five heads should be familiar to every general: he who knows
them will be victorious; he who knows them not will fail.
12. Therefore, in your deliberations, when seeking to determine the
military conditions, let them be made the basis of a comparison, in this
wise
13. (1) Which of the two sovereigns is imbued with the Moral law? (2) Which
of the two generals has most ability? (3) With whom lie the advantages
derived from Heaven and Earth? (4) On which side is discipline most
rigorously enforced? (5) Which army is stronger? (6) On which side are
officers and men more highly trained? (7) In which army is there the
greater constancy both in reward and punishment?
14. By means of these seven considerations I can forecast victory or
defeat.
15. The general that hearkens to my counsel and acts upon it, will conquer:
let such a one be retained in command! The general that hearkens not to
my counsel nor acts upon it, will suffer defeat:–let such a one be
dismissed!
16. While heading the profit of my counsel, avail yourself also of any
helpful circumstances over and beyond the ordinary rules.
17. According as circumstances are favorable, one should modify one’s
plans.
18. All warfare is based on deception.
19. Hence, when able to attack, we must seem unable; when using our forces,
we must seem inactive; when we are near, we must make the enemy believe
we are far away; when far away, we must make him believe we are near.
20. Hold out baits to entice the enemy. Feign disorder, and crush him.
21. If he is secure at all points, be prepared for him. If he is in superior
strength, evade him.
22. If your opponent is of choleric temper, seek to irritate him. Pretend
to be weak, that he may grow arrogant.
23. If he is taking his ease, give him no rest. If his forces are united,
separate them.
24. Attack him where he is unprepared, appear where you are not expected.
25. These military devices, leading to victory, must not be divulged
beforehand.
26. Now the general who wins a battle makes many calculations in his temple
ere the battle is fought. The general who loses a battle makes but few
calculations beforehand. Thus do many calculations lead to victory, and
few calculations to defeat: how much more no calculation at all! It is
by attention to this point that I can foresee who is likely to win or lose.
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